Economic motivations for the communist regime from Romania to improve political relations with United States
Keywords:
Economic tools of foreign policy; Cold War; Socialist Romania
Abstract
In the Cold War complex context, United States provided diplomatic and economic support to some countries from Eastern Bloc that were perceived as having some forms of autonomy from Soviet Union. The "Polish way to socialism", implemented by Władysław Gomułka in Poland, was rewarded, at the beginning, by substantial economic aids from Western Bloc. This example motivated Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, the communist leader of Romania, to search for the United States’ support in his policy of gaining more autonomy from Moscow. Gheorghiu-Dej’s successor, Nicolae Ceaușescu, continued this policy and he obtained favorable trade agreements and substantial financial resources. In the end, the improvement of relations with United States had complex consequences for Romania.
References
1. Abraham, F., 2011. Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej and Romania’s Eastern Neighbourhood. Eurolimes, 11(1), pp. 11-30.
2. Acharya, A. and Buzan, B., 2019. The making of global international relations. Cambridge University Press.
3. Adler-Karlsson, G., 1968. Western Economic Warfare 1947-1967: A Case Study in Foreign Economic Policy. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.
4. Adler-Karlsson, G., 1972. International economic power: The US strategic embargo. Journal of World Trade, 6(5), pp. 501-517.
5. Andrei, S. and Betea, L., 2011. I se spunea Machiavelli: Stăpânul secretelor lui Ceauşescu. Bucureşti: Editura Adevărul.
6. Baldwin, D. A., 2020. Economic statecraft: New edition. Princeton University Press.
7. Barber, J.,1979. Economic sanctions as a policy instrument. International Affairs, 55(3), pp. 367-384.
8. Békés, C., 1997. The 1956 Hungarian revolution and the great powers. The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 13(2), pp. 51-66.
9. Bertsch, G. K., 1983. East-West Strategic Trade. COCOM, and the Atlantic Alliance. Atlantic Institute for international affairs.
10. Betea, L. and Maurer, I.G., 1995. Maurer si lumea de ieri. Marturii despre stalinizarea Romaniei, Arad: Fundatia Ioan Slavici.
11. Betea, L. and Bârlădeanu, A., 1997. Alexandru Bârlădeanu despre Dej, Ceauşescu şi Iliescu: convorbiri. Bucureşti: Editura Evenimentul Românesc.
12. Betea, L. and Mănescu, C., 2001. Convorbiri neterminate: Corneliu Mănescu în dialog cu Lavinia Betea. Iaşi: Editura Polirom.
13. Bialer, S.,1982. Stalin's Successors: Leadership, Stability and Change in the Soviet Union. Cambridge University Press.
14. Bischof, G. J., 2006. The Collapse of Liberation Rhetoric: The Eisenhower Administration and the 1956 Hungarian Crisis. Hungarian Studies. A Journal of the International Association for Hungarian Studies and Balassi Institute, 20(1), pp. 51-63.
15. Bischof, G.J., 2009. "No Action": The Johnson Administration and the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. In Bischof, G.J., Karner, S., & Ruggenthaler, P. (Eds.). The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. Rowman & Littlefield.
16. Blanchard, J. M. F. and Ripsman, N. M., 1999. Asking the right question: when do economic sanctions work best?. Security Studies, 9(1-2), pp. 219-253.
17. Borhi, L., 1997. The Great Powers and the Hungarian Crisis of 1956. Hungarian Studies, 12(2), pp. 237-279.
18. Borhi, L., 1999. Rollback, liberation, containment, or inaction? US policy and eastern Europe in the 1950s. Journal of Cold War Studies, 1(3), pp. 67-110.
19. Brands Jr, H. W., 1987. Redefining the Cold War: American Policy toward Yugoslavia, 1948–60. Diplomatic History, 11(1), pp. 41-53.
20. Carlton, D., 2000. Churchill and the Soviet Union. Manchester University Press.
21. Churchill, W. S., 1986. The Second World War, Vol. VI, Triumph and Tragedy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
22. Clarke, P., 2010. The Last Thousand Days of the British Empire: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the Birth of the Pax Americana. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
23. Cooper, R., 2003. Economic aspects of the Cold War, 1962-1975. WCFIA Working Paper.
24. Copilaş, E., 2010. Economical divergences and geopolitical opportunities. Romanian Foreign Policy in the last period of Gheorghiu-Dej Regime. Revista Română de Geografie Politică, 12, pp. 356-374.
25. Cowherd, R. G., 1949. Soviet Economic Warfare. Current History, 16(92), pp. 199-202.
26. Croitor, M., 2014. România şi conflictul sovieto-chinez, Ediţia a II a, revizuită și adăugită. Cluj-Napoca: Mega/Eikon.
27. Crump, L., 2016. The Multilateralisation of Soviet Bloc Security: The Hungarian Revolution from an Eastern European Perspective. Corvinus Journal of International Affairs, 1(3), pp. 13-27.
28. Dallek, R., 1995. Franklin D. Roosevelt and American foreign policy, 1932-1945: with a new afterword. Oxford University Press.
29. Djilas, M., 1969. Conversations with Stalin. Penguin Books.
30. Dobson, A. P., 1988. The Kennedy administration and economic warfare against communism. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), 64(4), pp. 599-616.
31. Dumitriu, R. and Stefanescu, R., 2013. External debt management in Romania. Vanguard Scientific Instruments in Management, 7(1), pp. 47-56.
32. Dumitriu, R. and Stefanescu, R., 2016. Strategic Decisions on Industrialization: Case of Galati Steel Work. Vanguard Scientific Instruments in Management, 12(1).
33. Fehér, F. and Heller, A., 2022. Hungary 1956 Revisited: The Message of a Revolution–A Quarter of a Century After. Routledge.
34. Gaddis, J. L., 1974. Was the Truman Doctrine a real turning point?. Foreign Affairs, 52(2), pp. 386-402.
35. Gati, C., 2006. Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest, and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt. Stanford University Press.
36. Geselbracht, R. H. (Ed.), 2019. The Memoirs of Harry S. Truman: A Reader's Edition. University of Missouri Press.
37. Gill, G., 2018. Collective leadership in Soviet politics. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
38. Gilpin, R. G., 1987. The political economy of international relations. Princeton University Press.
39. Giurescu D.C., 2015. România în timpul lui Gheorghe Gheorghiu Dej. Bucureşti: Editura Enciclopedică.
40. Granville, J.C., 2004. The first domino: international decision making during the Hungarian crisis of 1956. Texas A&M University Press.
41. Grogin, R. C., 2001. Natural Enemies: The United States and the Soviet Union in the Cold War, 1917-1991. Lexington Books.
42. Guzzini, S., 2013. Realism in International Relations and International Political Economy: the continuing story of a death foretold. Routledge.
43. Harrington, J. F. and Courtney, B. J., 1991. Tweaking the nose of the Russians: fifty years of American-Romanian relations, 1940-1990. New York: Columbia University Press.
44. Hartley, A., 1971. John Kennedy's Foreign Policy. Foreign Policy, (4), pp. 77-87.
45. Herring, G. C., 2008. From colony to superpower: US foreign relations since 1776. Oxford University Press.
46. Hersman, R. K., 2012. Friends and foes: how Congress and the president really make foreign policy. Brookings Institution Press.
47. Hoff, J., 1996. A revisionist view of Nixon's foreign policy. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 26(1), pp. 107-129.
48. Hoffmann, E. P., 1987. Soviet foreign policy aims and Accomplishments from Lenin to Brezhnev. Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, 36(4), pp. 10-31.
49. Hufbauer, G. C. and Schott, J. J., 1985. Economic sanctions and US foreign policy. PS: Political Science & Politics, 18(4), pp. 727-735.
50. Hufbauer, G. C., Schott, J. J. and Elliott, K. A.,1990. Economic sanctions reconsidered: History and current policy, Second Edition. Washington D.C.: Institute for International Economics.
51. Ioanid, R., 2021. The ransom of the Jews: the story of the extraordinary secret bargain between Romania and Israel. Rowman & Littlefield.
52. Jackson, I., 2001. The Economic Cold War: America, Britain and East-West Trade 1948–63. Palgrave.
53. Kaufman, B. I., 2019. Trade and aid: Eisenhower's foreign economic policy, 1953-1961. Johns Hopkins University Press.
54. Kennan, G. F., 1960. Peaceful coexistence: a western view. Foreign Affairs, An American Quarterly Review 38(2), pp. 171-190.
55. Kennan, G. F., 2012. American diplomacy, Sixtieth Anniversary Edition. University of Chicago Press.
56. Khrushchev, N. S., 1959. On peaceful coexistence. : Foreign Affairs. An American Quarterly Review, 38(1), pp. 1-18.
57. Kramer, M.,1998. The Soviet Union and the 1956 Crises in Hungary and Poland: Reassessments and New Findings. Journal of Contemporary History, 33(2), pp. 163-214.
58. Kramer, M., 1999. The Early Post-Stalin Succession Struggle and Upheavals in East-Central Europe: Internal-External Linkages in Soviet Policy Making (Part 3). Journal of Cold War Studies, 1(3), pp. 3-66.
59. Lees, L. M., 1997. Keeping Tito Afloat: The United States, Yugoslavia, and the Cold War, 1945-1960. The Pennsylvania State University Press.
60. Lindsay, J. M., 1986. Trade sanctions as policy instruments: A re-examination. International Studies Quarterly, 30(2), pp. 153-173.
61. Maggiotto, M. A. and Wittkopf, E. R., 1981. American public attitudes toward foreign policy. International Studies Quarterly, 25(4), pp. 601-631.
62. Magyarics, T., 1998. From the Rollback of Communism to Building Bridges: The US and the Soviet Bloc Countries from the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 to the Prague Spring in 1968. Acta Academiae Paedagogicae Agriensis. Nova Series, 25(6), pp. 67-85.
63. Maliţa, M., 2015. Secolul meu scurt. Bucureşti: Editura RAO.
64. Marin, G.G., 2000. În serviciul României lui Gheorghiu-Dej: însemnări din viață. Editura Evenimentul Românesc.
65. Marinov, N., 2005. Do economic sanctions destabilize country leaders?. American Journal of Political Science, 49(3), pp. 564-576.
66. Mastanduno, M., 1985. Strategies of economic containment: US trade relations with the Soviet Union. World Politics, 37(4), pp. 503-531.
67. Mavrodin, C., 2017. A maverick in the making: Romania’s de-Satellization process and the Global Cold War (1953-1963). Doctoral dissertation, London School of Economics and Political Science.
68. McAuliffe, M. S., 1981. Eisenhower, the president. The Journal of American History, 68(3), pp. 625-632.
69. Meernik, J., Krueger, E. L. and Poe, S. C., 1998. Testing models of US foreign policy: Foreign aid during and after the Cold War. The Journal of Politics, 60(1), pp. 63-85.
70. Morgan, T. C., Syropoulos, C. and Yotov, Y. V., 2023. Economic sanctions: Evolution, consequences, and challenges. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 37(1), pp. 3-29.
71. Neagoe - Plesa, E., 2005. Rolul lui Gheorghe Gheorghiu - Dej în elaborarea politicii externe şi în direcţionarea relaţiilor româno-sovietice (1960-1965), Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Historica, (9/I), pp. 231-240.
72. Offner, A. A., 2002. Another Such Victory: President Truman and the Cold War, 1945-1953. Stanford University Press.
73. Opriş, P., 2008. România în Organizaţia Tratatului de la Varşovia (1955-1991). Bucureşti: Editura Militară.
74. Osgood, K., 2006. Total Cold War: Eisenhower's Secret P ropaganda Battle at Home and Abroad. University Press of Kansas.
75. Ouimet, M. J., 2003. The rise and fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Soviet foreign policy. Chapell Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
76. Palmer, G. and Morgan, T. C., 2011. A theory of foreign policy. Princeton University Press.
77. Pape, R. A., 1997. Why economic sanctions do not work. International security, 22(2), pp. 90-136.
78. Paterson, T. G., 1988. Meeting the communist threat: Truman to Reagan. Oxford University Press.
79. Pechlivanis, P., 2019. America and Romania in the Cold War: a differentiated détente, 1969-80. Routledge.
80. Persak, K., 2006. The Polish–Soviet confrontation in 1956 and the attempted Soviet military intervention in Poland. EUROPE-ASIA STUDIES, 58(8), pp 1285 – 1310.
81. Preston, D., 2020. Eight Days at Yalta: How Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin Shaped the Post-war World. Atlantic Monthly Press.
82. Resis, A., 1978. The Churchill-Stalin Secret "Percentages" Agreement on the Balkans, Moscow, October 1944. The American Historical Review, 83(2), pp. 368-387.
83. Retegan, M., 2014. 1968-din primăvară până în toamnă: schiţă de politică externă şi politică militară românească. Bucureşti: Editura RAO.
84. Roberts, G., 2006. Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939-1953. Yale University Press.
85. Rosen, M., 1991. Primejdii, încercări, miracole. Povestea șef-rabinului Dr. Moses Rosen. București: Hasefer.
86. Sanchez-Sibony, O., 2014. Red globalization: The political economy of the Soviet Cold War from Stalin to Khrushchev. Cambridge University Press.
87. Sandu, L., 2018. "Substantial progress has taken place in [the] United States-Rumanian relations": The Road to Upgrading the Level of Diplomatic Missions from Bucharest and Washington 1961-1964. Euro-Atlantic Studies, (1), pp. 105-124.
88. Schlesinger, A., 1967. Origins of the cold war. Foreign Affairs, 46(1), pp. 22-52.
89. Schwartz, T. A., 2003. Lyndon Johnson and Europe: in the shadow of Vietnam. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
90. Siracusa, J. M.,1979. The Meaning of TOLSTOY: Churchill, Stalin, and the Balkans Moscow, October 1944. Diplomatic History, 3(4), pp. 443-444.
91. Siniver, A., 2008. Nixon, Kissinger, and US foreign policy making. The machinery of crisis. Cambridge University Press.
92. Spalding, E. , 2006. The first cold warrior: Harry Truman, containment, and the remaking of liberal internationalism. University Press of Kentucky.
93. Stanciu, C., 2013. A Rebirth of Diplomacy: The Foreign Policy of Communist Romania between Subordination and Autonomy, 1948–1962. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 24(2), pp. 253-272.
94. Stanecki, M., 2014. A hand in salvation or cool calculation? The role of the US humanitarian aid in shaping the American policy towards Poland (1956-1965). Eastern Journal of European Studies, 5(2), pp. 13-32.
95. Stephanson, A., 1989. Kennan and the art of foreign policy. Harvard University Press.
96. Stettinius Jr, E. R., 2017. Roosevelt and the Russians: The Yalta Conference. Eschenburg Press.
97. Tismaneanu, V., 1995. Fantoma lui Gheorghiu-Dej. Bucureşti: Editura Univers.
98. Tismăneanu, V., 2014. Carta stalinismului naţional: Declaraţia PMR din aprilie. Studii şi materiale de istorie contemporană (SMIC), (1), pp. 23-30.
99. Toader, I., 2016. “Mystery revealed?” The Mănescu-Rusk conversation of 4 October 1963 and the beginning of the Romanian-American “special relationship”. Arhivele Totalitarismului, 24(3-4), pp. 237-253.
100. Tompson, W., 2016. Khrushchev: A political life. Springer.
101. Tudda, C., 2005. “Reenacting the Story of Tantalus”: Eisenhower, Dulles, and the Failed Rhetoric of Liberation. Journal of Cold War Studies, 7(4), pp. 3-35.
102. Tudor, A. and Catanus, D., 2001. O destalinizare ratata. Culisele cazului Miron Constantinescu – Iosif Chisinevschi,1956-1961, Bucureşti: Editura Elion.
103. Ţiu, I., 2014. Achitarea datoriei externe. Ultimul proiect grandios al lui Ceaușescu. Sfera Politicii, 22(179/3), pp. 101-107.
104. Wandycz, P. S., 1980. The United States and Poland. Harvard University Press.
105. Wolfson, M. and Farrell, J. P., 1992. Economic warfare between the superpowers. Essays on the Cold War, pp. 105-129.
106. Wright, J., & Winters, M., 2010. The politics of effective foreign aid. Annual Review of Political Science, 13, pp. 61-80.
107. Yasuhara, Y., 1991. The myth of free trade: the origins of COCOM 1945–1950. The Japanese Journal of American Studies, 4, pp. 127-132.
108. Zhang, S. G., 2001. Economic Cold War: America’s Embargo against China and the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1949-1963. Stanford University Press.
2. Acharya, A. and Buzan, B., 2019. The making of global international relations. Cambridge University Press.
3. Adler-Karlsson, G., 1968. Western Economic Warfare 1947-1967: A Case Study in Foreign Economic Policy. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.
4. Adler-Karlsson, G., 1972. International economic power: The US strategic embargo. Journal of World Trade, 6(5), pp. 501-517.
5. Andrei, S. and Betea, L., 2011. I se spunea Machiavelli: Stăpânul secretelor lui Ceauşescu. Bucureşti: Editura Adevărul.
6. Baldwin, D. A., 2020. Economic statecraft: New edition. Princeton University Press.
7. Barber, J.,1979. Economic sanctions as a policy instrument. International Affairs, 55(3), pp. 367-384.
8. Békés, C., 1997. The 1956 Hungarian revolution and the great powers. The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 13(2), pp. 51-66.
9. Bertsch, G. K., 1983. East-West Strategic Trade. COCOM, and the Atlantic Alliance. Atlantic Institute for international affairs.
10. Betea, L. and Maurer, I.G., 1995. Maurer si lumea de ieri. Marturii despre stalinizarea Romaniei, Arad: Fundatia Ioan Slavici.
11. Betea, L. and Bârlădeanu, A., 1997. Alexandru Bârlădeanu despre Dej, Ceauşescu şi Iliescu: convorbiri. Bucureşti: Editura Evenimentul Românesc.
12. Betea, L. and Mănescu, C., 2001. Convorbiri neterminate: Corneliu Mănescu în dialog cu Lavinia Betea. Iaşi: Editura Polirom.
13. Bialer, S.,1982. Stalin's Successors: Leadership, Stability and Change in the Soviet Union. Cambridge University Press.
14. Bischof, G. J., 2006. The Collapse of Liberation Rhetoric: The Eisenhower Administration and the 1956 Hungarian Crisis. Hungarian Studies. A Journal of the International Association for Hungarian Studies and Balassi Institute, 20(1), pp. 51-63.
15. Bischof, G.J., 2009. "No Action": The Johnson Administration and the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. In Bischof, G.J., Karner, S., & Ruggenthaler, P. (Eds.). The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. Rowman & Littlefield.
16. Blanchard, J. M. F. and Ripsman, N. M., 1999. Asking the right question: when do economic sanctions work best?. Security Studies, 9(1-2), pp. 219-253.
17. Borhi, L., 1997. The Great Powers and the Hungarian Crisis of 1956. Hungarian Studies, 12(2), pp. 237-279.
18. Borhi, L., 1999. Rollback, liberation, containment, or inaction? US policy and eastern Europe in the 1950s. Journal of Cold War Studies, 1(3), pp. 67-110.
19. Brands Jr, H. W., 1987. Redefining the Cold War: American Policy toward Yugoslavia, 1948–60. Diplomatic History, 11(1), pp. 41-53.
20. Carlton, D., 2000. Churchill and the Soviet Union. Manchester University Press.
21. Churchill, W. S., 1986. The Second World War, Vol. VI, Triumph and Tragedy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
22. Clarke, P., 2010. The Last Thousand Days of the British Empire: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the Birth of the Pax Americana. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
23. Cooper, R., 2003. Economic aspects of the Cold War, 1962-1975. WCFIA Working Paper.
24. Copilaş, E., 2010. Economical divergences and geopolitical opportunities. Romanian Foreign Policy in the last period of Gheorghiu-Dej Regime. Revista Română de Geografie Politică, 12, pp. 356-374.
25. Cowherd, R. G., 1949. Soviet Economic Warfare. Current History, 16(92), pp. 199-202.
26. Croitor, M., 2014. România şi conflictul sovieto-chinez, Ediţia a II a, revizuită și adăugită. Cluj-Napoca: Mega/Eikon.
27. Crump, L., 2016. The Multilateralisation of Soviet Bloc Security: The Hungarian Revolution from an Eastern European Perspective. Corvinus Journal of International Affairs, 1(3), pp. 13-27.
28. Dallek, R., 1995. Franklin D. Roosevelt and American foreign policy, 1932-1945: with a new afterword. Oxford University Press.
29. Djilas, M., 1969. Conversations with Stalin. Penguin Books.
30. Dobson, A. P., 1988. The Kennedy administration and economic warfare against communism. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), 64(4), pp. 599-616.
31. Dumitriu, R. and Stefanescu, R., 2013. External debt management in Romania. Vanguard Scientific Instruments in Management, 7(1), pp. 47-56.
32. Dumitriu, R. and Stefanescu, R., 2016. Strategic Decisions on Industrialization: Case of Galati Steel Work. Vanguard Scientific Instruments in Management, 12(1).
33. Fehér, F. and Heller, A., 2022. Hungary 1956 Revisited: The Message of a Revolution–A Quarter of a Century After. Routledge.
34. Gaddis, J. L., 1974. Was the Truman Doctrine a real turning point?. Foreign Affairs, 52(2), pp. 386-402.
35. Gati, C., 2006. Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest, and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt. Stanford University Press.
36. Geselbracht, R. H. (Ed.), 2019. The Memoirs of Harry S. Truman: A Reader's Edition. University of Missouri Press.
37. Gill, G., 2018. Collective leadership in Soviet politics. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
38. Gilpin, R. G., 1987. The political economy of international relations. Princeton University Press.
39. Giurescu D.C., 2015. România în timpul lui Gheorghe Gheorghiu Dej. Bucureşti: Editura Enciclopedică.
40. Granville, J.C., 2004. The first domino: international decision making during the Hungarian crisis of 1956. Texas A&M University Press.
41. Grogin, R. C., 2001. Natural Enemies: The United States and the Soviet Union in the Cold War, 1917-1991. Lexington Books.
42. Guzzini, S., 2013. Realism in International Relations and International Political Economy: the continuing story of a death foretold. Routledge.
43. Harrington, J. F. and Courtney, B. J., 1991. Tweaking the nose of the Russians: fifty years of American-Romanian relations, 1940-1990. New York: Columbia University Press.
44. Hartley, A., 1971. John Kennedy's Foreign Policy. Foreign Policy, (4), pp. 77-87.
45. Herring, G. C., 2008. From colony to superpower: US foreign relations since 1776. Oxford University Press.
46. Hersman, R. K., 2012. Friends and foes: how Congress and the president really make foreign policy. Brookings Institution Press.
47. Hoff, J., 1996. A revisionist view of Nixon's foreign policy. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 26(1), pp. 107-129.
48. Hoffmann, E. P., 1987. Soviet foreign policy aims and Accomplishments from Lenin to Brezhnev. Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, 36(4), pp. 10-31.
49. Hufbauer, G. C. and Schott, J. J., 1985. Economic sanctions and US foreign policy. PS: Political Science & Politics, 18(4), pp. 727-735.
50. Hufbauer, G. C., Schott, J. J. and Elliott, K. A.,1990. Economic sanctions reconsidered: History and current policy, Second Edition. Washington D.C.: Institute for International Economics.
51. Ioanid, R., 2021. The ransom of the Jews: the story of the extraordinary secret bargain between Romania and Israel. Rowman & Littlefield.
52. Jackson, I., 2001. The Economic Cold War: America, Britain and East-West Trade 1948–63. Palgrave.
53. Kaufman, B. I., 2019. Trade and aid: Eisenhower's foreign economic policy, 1953-1961. Johns Hopkins University Press.
54. Kennan, G. F., 1960. Peaceful coexistence: a western view. Foreign Affairs, An American Quarterly Review 38(2), pp. 171-190.
55. Kennan, G. F., 2012. American diplomacy, Sixtieth Anniversary Edition. University of Chicago Press.
56. Khrushchev, N. S., 1959. On peaceful coexistence. : Foreign Affairs. An American Quarterly Review, 38(1), pp. 1-18.
57. Kramer, M.,1998. The Soviet Union and the 1956 Crises in Hungary and Poland: Reassessments and New Findings. Journal of Contemporary History, 33(2), pp. 163-214.
58. Kramer, M., 1999. The Early Post-Stalin Succession Struggle and Upheavals in East-Central Europe: Internal-External Linkages in Soviet Policy Making (Part 3). Journal of Cold War Studies, 1(3), pp. 3-66.
59. Lees, L. M., 1997. Keeping Tito Afloat: The United States, Yugoslavia, and the Cold War, 1945-1960. The Pennsylvania State University Press.
60. Lindsay, J. M., 1986. Trade sanctions as policy instruments: A re-examination. International Studies Quarterly, 30(2), pp. 153-173.
61. Maggiotto, M. A. and Wittkopf, E. R., 1981. American public attitudes toward foreign policy. International Studies Quarterly, 25(4), pp. 601-631.
62. Magyarics, T., 1998. From the Rollback of Communism to Building Bridges: The US and the Soviet Bloc Countries from the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 to the Prague Spring in 1968. Acta Academiae Paedagogicae Agriensis. Nova Series, 25(6), pp. 67-85.
63. Maliţa, M., 2015. Secolul meu scurt. Bucureşti: Editura RAO.
64. Marin, G.G., 2000. În serviciul României lui Gheorghiu-Dej: însemnări din viață. Editura Evenimentul Românesc.
65. Marinov, N., 2005. Do economic sanctions destabilize country leaders?. American Journal of Political Science, 49(3), pp. 564-576.
66. Mastanduno, M., 1985. Strategies of economic containment: US trade relations with the Soviet Union. World Politics, 37(4), pp. 503-531.
67. Mavrodin, C., 2017. A maverick in the making: Romania’s de-Satellization process and the Global Cold War (1953-1963). Doctoral dissertation, London School of Economics and Political Science.
68. McAuliffe, M. S., 1981. Eisenhower, the president. The Journal of American History, 68(3), pp. 625-632.
69. Meernik, J., Krueger, E. L. and Poe, S. C., 1998. Testing models of US foreign policy: Foreign aid during and after the Cold War. The Journal of Politics, 60(1), pp. 63-85.
70. Morgan, T. C., Syropoulos, C. and Yotov, Y. V., 2023. Economic sanctions: Evolution, consequences, and challenges. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 37(1), pp. 3-29.
71. Neagoe - Plesa, E., 2005. Rolul lui Gheorghe Gheorghiu - Dej în elaborarea politicii externe şi în direcţionarea relaţiilor româno-sovietice (1960-1965), Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Historica, (9/I), pp. 231-240.
72. Offner, A. A., 2002. Another Such Victory: President Truman and the Cold War, 1945-1953. Stanford University Press.
73. Opriş, P., 2008. România în Organizaţia Tratatului de la Varşovia (1955-1991). Bucureşti: Editura Militară.
74. Osgood, K., 2006. Total Cold War: Eisenhower's Secret P ropaganda Battle at Home and Abroad. University Press of Kansas.
75. Ouimet, M. J., 2003. The rise and fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Soviet foreign policy. Chapell Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
76. Palmer, G. and Morgan, T. C., 2011. A theory of foreign policy. Princeton University Press.
77. Pape, R. A., 1997. Why economic sanctions do not work. International security, 22(2), pp. 90-136.
78. Paterson, T. G., 1988. Meeting the communist threat: Truman to Reagan. Oxford University Press.
79. Pechlivanis, P., 2019. America and Romania in the Cold War: a differentiated détente, 1969-80. Routledge.
80. Persak, K., 2006. The Polish–Soviet confrontation in 1956 and the attempted Soviet military intervention in Poland. EUROPE-ASIA STUDIES, 58(8), pp 1285 – 1310.
81. Preston, D., 2020. Eight Days at Yalta: How Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin Shaped the Post-war World. Atlantic Monthly Press.
82. Resis, A., 1978. The Churchill-Stalin Secret "Percentages" Agreement on the Balkans, Moscow, October 1944. The American Historical Review, 83(2), pp. 368-387.
83. Retegan, M., 2014. 1968-din primăvară până în toamnă: schiţă de politică externă şi politică militară românească. Bucureşti: Editura RAO.
84. Roberts, G., 2006. Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939-1953. Yale University Press.
85. Rosen, M., 1991. Primejdii, încercări, miracole. Povestea șef-rabinului Dr. Moses Rosen. București: Hasefer.
86. Sanchez-Sibony, O., 2014. Red globalization: The political economy of the Soviet Cold War from Stalin to Khrushchev. Cambridge University Press.
87. Sandu, L., 2018. "Substantial progress has taken place in [the] United States-Rumanian relations": The Road to Upgrading the Level of Diplomatic Missions from Bucharest and Washington 1961-1964. Euro-Atlantic Studies, (1), pp. 105-124.
88. Schlesinger, A., 1967. Origins of the cold war. Foreign Affairs, 46(1), pp. 22-52.
89. Schwartz, T. A., 2003. Lyndon Johnson and Europe: in the shadow of Vietnam. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
90. Siracusa, J. M.,1979. The Meaning of TOLSTOY: Churchill, Stalin, and the Balkans Moscow, October 1944. Diplomatic History, 3(4), pp. 443-444.
91. Siniver, A., 2008. Nixon, Kissinger, and US foreign policy making. The machinery of crisis. Cambridge University Press.
92. Spalding, E. , 2006. The first cold warrior: Harry Truman, containment, and the remaking of liberal internationalism. University Press of Kentucky.
93. Stanciu, C., 2013. A Rebirth of Diplomacy: The Foreign Policy of Communist Romania between Subordination and Autonomy, 1948–1962. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 24(2), pp. 253-272.
94. Stanecki, M., 2014. A hand in salvation or cool calculation? The role of the US humanitarian aid in shaping the American policy towards Poland (1956-1965). Eastern Journal of European Studies, 5(2), pp. 13-32.
95. Stephanson, A., 1989. Kennan and the art of foreign policy. Harvard University Press.
96. Stettinius Jr, E. R., 2017. Roosevelt and the Russians: The Yalta Conference. Eschenburg Press.
97. Tismaneanu, V., 1995. Fantoma lui Gheorghiu-Dej. Bucureşti: Editura Univers.
98. Tismăneanu, V., 2014. Carta stalinismului naţional: Declaraţia PMR din aprilie. Studii şi materiale de istorie contemporană (SMIC), (1), pp. 23-30.
99. Toader, I., 2016. “Mystery revealed?” The Mănescu-Rusk conversation of 4 October 1963 and the beginning of the Romanian-American “special relationship”. Arhivele Totalitarismului, 24(3-4), pp. 237-253.
100. Tompson, W., 2016. Khrushchev: A political life. Springer.
101. Tudda, C., 2005. “Reenacting the Story of Tantalus”: Eisenhower, Dulles, and the Failed Rhetoric of Liberation. Journal of Cold War Studies, 7(4), pp. 3-35.
102. Tudor, A. and Catanus, D., 2001. O destalinizare ratata. Culisele cazului Miron Constantinescu – Iosif Chisinevschi,1956-1961, Bucureşti: Editura Elion.
103. Ţiu, I., 2014. Achitarea datoriei externe. Ultimul proiect grandios al lui Ceaușescu. Sfera Politicii, 22(179/3), pp. 101-107.
104. Wandycz, P. S., 1980. The United States and Poland. Harvard University Press.
105. Wolfson, M. and Farrell, J. P., 1992. Economic warfare between the superpowers. Essays on the Cold War, pp. 105-129.
106. Wright, J., & Winters, M., 2010. The politics of effective foreign aid. Annual Review of Political Science, 13, pp. 61-80.
107. Yasuhara, Y., 1991. The myth of free trade: the origins of COCOM 1945–1950. The Japanese Journal of American Studies, 4, pp. 127-132.
108. Zhang, S. G., 2001. Economic Cold War: America’s Embargo against China and the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1949-1963. Stanford University Press.
Published
2023-12-22
How to Cite
Dumitriu, R., & Stefanescu, R. (2023). Economic motivations for the communist regime from Romania to improve political relations with United States. Vanguard Scientific Instruments in Management, 19, 50-69. Retrieved from https://vsim-journal.info/index.php?journal=vsim&page=article&op=view&path[]=511
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
By submitting a paper for publishing the authors hereby comply with the following provisions: 1. The authors retain the copyrights and only give the journal the right for first publication while licensing the work under Creative Commons Attribution License, which grants permissions to others to share the contribution citing this journal as first publication of the text. 2. The authors may enter separate, additional contractual relations for non-exclusive distribution of the published version of the work in this journal (e.g. to upload it in an institutional depository, or to be published in a book), given that they cite the first publication in this journal. 3. The authors are allowed and are encouraged to publish their works online (e.g. to upload it in an institutional depository, personal websites, social networks, etc.) before, during, and after the submission of the paper here, because this may lead to productive exchange, as well as earlier and larger referencing of the published works (see The Effect of Open Access).
